{"id":7298,"date":"2022-11-22T11:05:44","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T11:05:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/johnwhitgiftfoundation.org\/_test\/?page_id=7298"},"modified":"2023-04-20T08:22:35","modified_gmt":"2023-04-20T08:22:35","slug":"john-whitgift-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/johnwhitgiftfoundation.org\/_test\/about-us\/john-whitgift-history\/","title":{"rendered":"John Whitgift History"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row bg_type=”bg_color” bg_override=”full” el_class=”top-banner” css=”.vc_custom_1659448972093{background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;}” bg_color_value=”#94c356″][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-navy headrow”]<\/p>\n

John Whitgift’s History<\/h1>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row_content_no_spaces” el_class=”divider-row”][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”64px”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]John Whitgift was born in or around 1530 in Grimsby, Lincolnshire to Henry Whitgift and Ann[e] Dynewell, the eldest of nine children; Henry was a local merchant and property owner; an important figure in the town and made an Alderman in 1550. He owned several houses in the market place and also by the town gates. No record exists of the date of John\u2019s birth or baptism, but it is known that it would have been between 1530 and 1534 \u2013 parish registers were not introduced until 1538. He had declared in 1590 that he was then aged 60. Sir George Paule was Whitgift\u2019s Steward, later Comptroller of the household, and first biographer* who would contribute much of what we now know about the Founder. *The Life of the most reverend and religious Prelate, John Whitgift, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury\u2019<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7476″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]John\u2019s uncle, Robert, was Abbot of the Augustinian Monastery of Wellow, near Great Grimsby and an influence on John\u2019s early scholastic life. It was Robert who persuaded Henry to send his son to lodge in London with his aunt Isobel, who was married to the verger of St Paul\u2019s Cathedral, as he could see that John was showing much intellectual promise and thus, he became a scholar of St Anthony\u2019s School half a mile away from St Paul\u2019s, in Bishopsgate \u2013 sited very near where the Bank of England now stands. St. Anthony\u2019s was also once a hospital and school; when Whitgift went there, it had already been in existence in some form or other for over 300 years. Very little is known of his time at St. Anthony\u2019s other than owing to a disagreement on religious matters, no doubt Whitgift casting his views on the Pope but also refusing to attend Mass, his aunt being a devout Roman Catholic bid him leave of her \u2013 she had \u2018perceived him to be a devil\u2019 and he returned for a time to his home in Grimsby. It was again his uncle Robert who advised him to go to Cambridge.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7478″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]He had a very astute mind, indeed, a forthright one and was not beyond displaying his intellect in all matters. In 1548 he went on to study at Queen\u2019s College, Cambridge, a year later transferring to Pembroke. Master of Pembroke was Ridley, then Bishop of Rochester; Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury was President. By the year 1555 he became Master of Pembroke and then Master of Trinity College. John Whitgift\u2019s tutor was John Bradford who obtained for him a bible-clerkship which gave him at the time, much needed funds \u2013 for Whitgift\u2019s father had suffered mercantile losses at sea. Before John had taken his first degree, his father died and, in his will, providing an estate that was to leave the family in quite comfortable circumstances. Sadly, one of John\u2019s younger brothers, Philip, died in the same year as his father, aged 12.<\/p>\n

Despite troubling times and the accession of Queen Mary I in 1553, John Whitgift managed to avoid the level of persecution and threats made to those holding Protestant beliefs and had continued at Cambridge. He was ordained in 1560 inducted to the rectory of Teversham, near Cambridge. After taking his BD in 1562, he was elected Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity. His position was becoming ever more important and his skills and a taste for administration were certainly earning him plaudits from his peers.<\/p>\n

By the time of Queen Elizabeth I\u2019s accession to the throne [1558] he had entrenched himself on the side of authority and uniformity. Sir William Cecil had been told of the young man who was both \u2018learned and honest\u2019 when one of his own men had visited the University, this being made known to the Queen. John Whitgift was to be made Master of Pembroke Hall. In 1564\/5 John\u2019s uncle Robert died; it is understood that though a will was not found, it is quite likely that John benefitted \u2013 a house in Essex where his eldest brother William went to live after marriage. John Whitgift was generous, and it is quite likely that he would have supported his siblings. He was also of simple tastes but quite astute when it comes to his wealth and his accounts.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Whilst Master of Trinity, he was still in the Queen\u2019s favour and on first hearing him preach declared \u2018He hath a white gift indeed\u2019 and made him a Royal Chaplain. Not only this prestigious role but he was also made in the same year, Regius Professor of Divinity, and the following year, held the position of Chaplain to the Bishop of Ely and then shortly after, given a prebend and made a Canon of Ely. His fortunes would have increased appropriately. He was without question making himself known in some powerful circles within the government and outside of it, but also, and more importantly by the Queen. In 1577 he was consecrated Bishop of Worcester where he preached regularly and dealt with all manner of disputes, with a firmness and control that he was known for. Whilst Bishop of Worcester, Whitgift signed the bond [or certificate] for the marriage of playwright William Shakespeare to Anne Hathaway. [This document was lost a number of years ago]. It was known that Whitgift by this time also enjoyed a much-increased income \u2013 his enemies even referred to his accumulated wealth but he was known to be frugal in his own manner and yet generous to the deserving and was instrumental in maintaining scholars at his old College with contributions from his own savings.<\/p>\n

When Archbishop Grindal died in 1583 having previously been placed under house arrest after his disagreement with Her Majesty over \u2018prophesyings\u2019, the Queen nominated Whitgift to succeed him at Canterbury \u2013 appointed in August of that year, he was now in a position where his authority on ecclesiastical matters came to the fore, and he was concerned that the church should be in a better position; he wanted to restore power that he rightfully felt was his. He also felt that the Privy Council had taken charge \u2013 they required him to justify himself in certain actions \u2013 something which he declined. He was to be treated with a greater respect by them, though they had many powerful members including Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester and Sir Francis Walsingham, Principal Secretary to the Queen and known as her \u2018Spymaster\u2019 for his very efficient intelligence gathering. Walsingham had been exiled during the reign of Queen Mary I \u2013 they were sympathetically inclined to the Puritans and wished for the Queen to be far harsher towards the Roman Catholics. It was Whitgift who wrote up the many articles issued to the bishops which he required to be firmly adhered to in the conduct of the Church\u2019s affairs and of course a line which he was keen on in terms of discipline and adherence to the rules, rigorously aimed at nonconforming ministers with increased powers for the Court of High Commission. He had by now firmly placed his stamp on the Church and the Reformation.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7480″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]The Queen made Whitgift a member of her Privy Council in February of 1585\/6 \u2013 he was now able to express his own views but also prepared to listen to others on the Council and what they had to contribute. He had made enemies but also some very close friends whom he valued and was able to enjoy their respect. One of his strong supporters was Sir Christopher Hatton, later appointed Lord Chancellor who would have been of much value to Whitgift and they became trusted friends. Others within his close circle included John Puckering and Thomas Egerton, together with Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury [a major political figure in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I], all sympathisers of Whitgift. Lord Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral of the Fleet [at the time of the Spanish Armada], came to Croydon and lived at Haling Manor though no records show that Whitgift ever visited him there. Archbishop John Whitgift was accredited with stabilising the Anglican Church by recent historians but at the time, he had many who were against his principles and the methods he used to enforce church law \u2013 he created a lengthy number of Statutes that he expected his clergy to adhere to and not waver from nor abstain. Woe betide those who chose the latter. His actions as a privy councillor gave cause for the Martin Marprelate tracts in which the church, or rather the bishops and clergy were strongly opposed, to be published. Whitgift was soon to discover the printers responsible and they were duly punished \u2013 an instance in which he came down heavily on those who wrote scurrilous dialogue and published leaflets and other literature that went against Whitgift and his beliefs \u2013 and that of his Queen by association.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7482″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Whitgift often visited Croydon on his journeys to and from Canterbury or on his return from Lambeth and would stay at Croydon Palace [sometimes referred to as Croydon House] which he often preferred to his London residence of Lambeth Palace or even Canterbury, enjoying the calm away from Privy Council business and the many other trials and tribulations that occupied his weary mind. Whilst at Croydon he would occasionally entertain Elizabeth I at Croydon Palace, along with her large entourage, which he very much enjoyed \u2013 the highlight of his social calendar. Elizabeth graced Croydon with her presence; there were several courts and privy council held at the Palace and on one visit to see Whitgift, she stayed for over fifteen days during which time three courts were held there. There is a suggestion that she visited the Almshouses to see Whitgift, but no records are believed to exist if this was the case, however, she may have viewed the Almshouses and the Schoolhouse when she dined with Whitgift at Croydon Palace in August 1600.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7484″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Without his own wealth he would have found it incredibly difficult to maintain such visits; similarly, he would also provide for her visits to Lambeth. He also had his own private army [militia], a small force of men capable of protecting both him and if warranted, the Queen as well; it is said by his biographer Paule that he had one hundred foot soldiers and fifty horsemen, some members of his own household, trained in weaponry. They were placed at the Queen\u2019s service against the Spaniards in 1588 and even helped in the suppression of Essex\u2019s rebellion in 1601; both of these offers would have impressed and pleased Her Majesty and been of value to Whitgift, considering her admiration for her favourite preacher \u2013 indeed, she was known to overlook his occasional direct remarks made to her when there was a disagreement on ecclesiastical (or other) matters he took exception to. She had made him Vice-President of the Marches of Wales and placed in him the task of appointing Justices of the Peace for the counties of Worcester and Gloucester.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]John Whitgift had acquired land, many with properties and because of this had wisely gained from it a steady income, much of which was during his time as Bishop of Worcester. He had also generously helped his brothers including George and William and his nephew, John Whitgift to purchase land or properties. Whitgift was spending more time in Croydon and Lambeth, though Croydon and its environs suited him better and his greatest interest was the foundation of his hospital \u2013 or rather the Hospital and School of the Holy Trinity in the town of close to two thousand inhabitants, at the time, still surrounded by country estates and a Parish Church dating back to the 12th<\/sup> century. With his long experience of educational matters and his growing wealth, he felt the latter ought to be put to good use; he was already taking a keen interest in charitable institutions such as schools and hospitals which had already come to his notice during the course of his time as Bishop of Worcester and more recently, as Archbishop of Canterbury. He had new statutes drawn up for Eastbridge Hospital in Canterbury, revising the statutes of two other Hospitals in the area, determined to improve the quality of learning and the quality of the clergy, more than a few out of their depth \u2013 considered to be both ignorant and ill-qualified for their roles.<\/p>\n

Whitgift took a great interest and genuine concern for those who were in his service and to those of age whose remaining days would tend towards far less comfort than his own. It was Croydon and not Grimsby where he was born, that he decided to found a hospital \u2013 the first task was to purchase an old inn, the Chequer<\/em> [or Checker<\/em>] at the corner of George Street and North End, for which he paid \u00a3200 on 14 February 1594\/5. This site was where he intended to build and it was considered to be in a good position, at this point still on the outskirts of town and but a short distance from the Parish Church and Croydon Palace. He also purchased a shop in Butcher Row, just off Crown Hill and thirteen acres of land throughout the parish. One plot of land was known as Hangman\u2019s Acre<\/em> from the days when highwaymen were hanged [in chains]. Today if you look from the corner of the Hospital down towards Crown Hill and Surrey Street [amongst one of the oldest markets still in existence] you will see how low-lying the land is. Two almshouses already existed in the town \u2013 the older, founded by Ellis Davy in 1447, which accommodated only seven elderly people and the second, though little known about but accommodating nine.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]With the Chequer<\/em> were other properties, relatively small, across the parish of Croydon, which were included in the sale. Little more than a fortnight later, Whitgift had bought for \u00a330 a house to one side of the inn, and within a few weeks, he had added the Swan <\/em>inn for \u00a380 and four acres of land. Having bought his site, he was now able to undertake the important task of applying to the Queen for a licence to build his hospital. The Swan <\/em>was eventually demolished in 1889 to make way for an extension to Allders department store, though its heavy iron sign with a painting of a swan now resides on the wall of the Audience Chamber in the Almshouses. A Letters Patent from the Queen was granted on 22 November 1595. The Letters Patent cost Whitgift a total of \u00a313,11s [shillings]. This decorative and beautifully scribed document is still in the possession of the Foundation and authorised him to found a hospital or almshouse in Croydon \u2013 for the maintenance of certain poor Christians and to be called the Hospital of the Holy Trinity [in Croydon]. It would consist of a warden and poor to a number of forty or fewer, usually around the twenty mark. Whitgift would also allow for men and women to be included, a wish he probably felt quite strongly about. At this point there was no reference to a school being included but for a statement in the first draft of the Founder\u2019s Statutes. It is understood that this was drawn up in 1596 with alterations made in the handwriting of Whitgift and though no school buildings were mentioned, there was provision made for two schoolmasters to teach in Croydon and Lambeth.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7495″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]On 6 October 1596, there was a purchase made of a tenement and one and a half acres of land called Staycross<\/em> [Stay Cross<\/em>] which adjoined the Chequers <\/em>inn in George Street \u2013 this provided the site for the construction of school buildings \u2013 it is from this year that the School\u2019s foundation is dated. It would take a further three months before work started on the demolition of the old Chequers <\/em>inn in January 1597 and another month before the foundations of the Hospital of the Holy Trinity would begin so by the February, the foundations had already been filled and bricks were supplied from nearby Dubbers-hill [Duppas Hill], close to Halinge-gate [Haling Gate] which was once the entrance to Haling Park. 22 March 1597 was the original Founder\u2019s Day<\/em> when the Archbishop laid two corner foundation stones of the Hospital; this had been delayed by poor weather holding up the work being carried out. Samuel Finche, the Vicar of Croydon, would report directly to Whitgift or to his steward at Lambeth, Christopher Wormeall as to progress on the building, Finche would be keeping an exact record of expenditure on materials used and the wages of the workmen. These records are still preserved in Lambeth Palace Library.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”7492″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”7493″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”7494″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Samuel Finche had an arduous task, quite apart from his own ecclesiastical duties, keeping an eye on the work and having to negotiate prices with the various tradesmen including the freemason for the stonework, the carpenter and his men, the bricklayers and their labourers and others involved in the building. Comparing the workmen\u2019s wages, it is interesting to discover that the bricklayers, of which there were two, were paid 14d [pence] per day which is a little under \u00a38.00 in today\u2019s money \u2013 an average daily wage now is between \u00a3150-200! Very early on, Finche would have problems with both the men and the materials that they were using \u2013 it would seem that the foreman was cheating, subsequently dismissed and his workmen who were considered incompetent! The first batch of bricks were also of poor quality, which were made at Park-hill [Archbishop\u2019s Park where there existed deer at one time, hunted for food and occasionally for pleasure, though there was no evidence that Whitgift ever took part in this \u2018sport\u2019] hence the change of supply to Dubbers-hill [Duppas Hill]. At least the bricks were of better quality and acceptable to the brickmaker because of the satisfactory earth that he could work with. According to records \u2018the foundations were well laid, four feet deep and packed with greate flinte and small stone, and brickbats, and rubbushe (rubble?), not confusedly, but orderlye layed in, and rammed stronglye, course upon course, stronge and sure\u2019.<\/em> Over 400 years later, the building is testament to the strength of the foundations when faced with the heavy traffic that passed by a few years ago, the trams and in wartime, the bombing![\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]The Hospital was built of brick with stonework for the doorways and outer windows which faced on to the main road and arranged around a square inner courtyard and the plinth faced with knapped flints. The outer gate-house was of three storeys and had in its gable, I.C<\/em>. indicating \u201cJohn of Canterbury\u201d in a blue brick [similar to engineering brick]. The entrance was designed in classical fashion carrying the inscription \u201cQui Dat Pauperi Non Indegebit\u201d<\/em> [Whoso giveth to the poor shall not want] which still exists. Two lesser gables were at either end of the front \u2013 the letters I.W.<\/em> indicating \u201cJohn Whitgift\u201d. There was an inner gate-house leading to the rear grounds; on this side, three gables with the chapel. Internally, there was the Common Hall with a low ceiling and the rooms for the brethren [and sisters] arranged on two floors round the quadrangle. The quadrangle was planted out as a garden and a bell struck the hour, the clock-face projecting over the street below. There was a short staircase with two stout oak doors, which led from the inner gate-house to the Audience Chamber which John Whitgift would use to meet businessmen and others of importance and was directly over the Common Hall. Within the Audience Chamber, there was a beautiful, finely carved fireplace with a mantle bearing the arms of the Archbishop. Another strong oak door led from this to his private room with a winding stair which led to his bedroom above. Not only was the door incredibly strong but also had two secret bolts that could only be worked from outside<\/em> using special keys. It would be Whitgift\u2019s personal assistant, whom he entrusted to the locking of the door each night \u2013 such were his concerns about the possibility of assault or assassination \u2013 his links to the Queen, enemies within and outside of the government and his forthrightness in matters ecclesiastical could attract the wrong kind of attention. It should be borne in mind that on 29 May 1593, John Penry was executed in London at the instigation of Whitgift whose signature was the first to be affixed to the death warrant. Like Whitgift, he was a graduate of Cambridge University; a Puritan, he had greatly criticised the Church of England for \u2018failing to preach the gospel to the people of Wales\u2019 by not translating enough bibles into the Welsh language. He was just 29, married with four young daughters.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7498″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]As recently as 2008, there was a demand for an apology from the Church of England for this 16th<\/sup> century injustice. A Welshman, Dr. Rowan Williams was Archbishop of Canterbury in 2008 and this motion had come from members of the Welsh Independent Chapels in west Carmarthenshire \u2013 Penry came from Powys and been considered a \u201cWelsh Martyr\u201d.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7501″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7502″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Building continued and by the 24 September, Finche had reported that the main structural work had been completed although there still remained carpentry and glazing work to be done. Much of the timber came from the Archbishop\u2019s park at Croydon and a great deal from Lingfield in Surrey. The cost of the build came to \u00a31,238.12s7d. By the following January, work then started on the Schoolhouse and the Schoolmaster\u2019s House, both situated in George Street [then known as Pound Street]. Both buildings were quite separate from the Hospital. These were completed in 1600. Whitgift had reconsidered some points from his Statutes and decided on the importance of just one master \u2013 at Croydon \u2013 thus dispensing with the second at Lambeth. In the course of time, he made further purchases of properties and land in Croydon, which included a field of one acre by the name of Clot Mead \u2013 his late brother, Richard had bought the land for \u00a314 \u2013 John Whitgift had bought it for the same figure his brother had paid for it originally. There were further purchases including on 13 April 1597, that of Christian Fields<\/em> and Ryecrofts<\/em>; seventy-seven acres in all, for \u00a3375.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]The purchases he made were all intended for the endowment of his Hospital. In 1598, he then included in his portfolio, eighty-seven acres near Stroud Green. On 25 June he signed his Deed of Foundation to establish \u2018an hospital and abiding-place for the finding, sustenation, and relief of certen maymed, poore, needie or impotent people\u2026 called by the name of the Hospitall of the Holye Trinitie in Croydon of the foundation of John Whitgift Archbishop of Canterbury\u2019<\/em>. Photo 15 On 10 July 1599 the Chapel was consecrated by Richard Bancroft and on 22 August of that year, in a Deed of Endowment, John Whitgift made over to the Hospital, all the property in Croydon that he had bought Not an inconsiderable sum by any stretch of the imagination. He would again make further purchases at the end of the same month, at a total sum of \u00a31,400.\u00a0 These included farms at Woodside, Shirley and Addiscombe with a combined total of 194 acres.<\/p>\n

Before his death, Whitgift had made further purchases of land including the Manor of Croham, an extensive estate, all properties made over by the Founder to the Hospital in another Deed of Endowment.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7507″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Whitgift had the pleasure of receiving contributions towards the building of the Hospital from associates and his household which paid for items such as lead, solder and brasswork and for sizeable gifts like the large window in the Chapel which came from one of his chaplains, William Thornehill, a Yorkshiremen, and the stained glass for the windows in the Common Hall, paid for by Edward Aylworth, one of the Archbishop\u2019s lawyers. John Boys Steward at Canterbury paid for the windows of the Schoolhouse [the building completed in June 1600]. Other contributions were of a different nature including the ornately bound \u2018Treacle\u2019<\/em> Bible presented to the Chapel and which is still in the Hospital\u2019s possession \u2013 it was restored at one point \u2013 rather badly by account of a number of pages removed by the errant bookbinder who took exception to one of the chapters, and now sits under glass in the Audience Chamber. There were other generous gifts which paid for furnishings and other much-needed items including ornate Mazers \u2013 drinking bowls \u2013 with Whitgift\u2019s coat of arms, now in the keep of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7509″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]The first inmates of the Hospital were admitted in October 1599; including men who were servants of his household at Lambeth Palace. His first Warden was Philip Jenkins. Some of these were named in the Letters Patent and the Deed of the Foundation. Whitgift had the Common Seal of the Hospital based on the story of Dives and Lazarus.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”7513″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”7514″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”7515″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]It is worth noting that a gift made in the form of a benefaction towards the Hospital was from Edward Barker and his wife Susan \u2013 they provided for a rent charge of twenty nobles [a noble was worth 6s.8d \u2013 six shillings and eight pence and the first English gold coin produced in quantity, dating from the time of King Edward III]<\/em> for 1000 years upon the site of Lancaster College in St. Paul\u2019s Churchyard, together with forty nobles to purchase land, in honour of John Whitgift and in expiation of the assassination of Thomas \u00e0 Becket. One of his murderers was Sir William Tracy \u2013 an ancestor of Mrs. Susan Barker. It was considered by the late FHG Percy, who wrote \u2018Whitgift School, a History\u2019<\/em> published by the Foundation in 1976 and reprinted in 1990 that \u2013 the deed making this gift is one of the most historically valuable of the Foundation\u2019s possessions, being richly decorated with coats of arms and with seals that are attached by silk threaded through a gold coin, an \u2018angel\u2019, [an English gold coin introduced by Edward IV in 1465]<\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Archbishop John Whitgift was Queen Elizabeth I\u2019s last \u2013 she passed away at 3.00am on 24 March 1603; he had been called by the Queen to attend her bedside where he was to provide comfort as she sought solace in her religion, and to pray for her until she finally slipped into an unconscious state, administering the Holy Sacrament to her. It is stated that she had severe dental sepsis and decay with enlarged glands of the neck. This infection along with bronchopneumonia would have hastened her demise. She was 70 years old. Whitgift and the Queen had for many years enjoyed a special bond, from the first time she heard him preach in 1567 to her death saddening him greatly. She was totally aware of his loyalty towards her and her aims, both political and religious, particularly as there were those who were often ready to betray her \u2013 she would trust him and enjoy what she saw as his genuine friendship, far more evident than many of her courtiers who would only tell her what they though she wanted to hear and this she was aware of.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7518″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]He was probably closer to her than some of her known associates, including no doubt, Walsingham. She would refer to Whitgift as her \u2018little black husband\u2019 which she found amusing and quite likely, her accepted this reference in the manner with which it was intended for he was relatively short in stature with a black beard and hair, frequently wearing a long, plain black robe. His complexion was also swarthy. He pleased her with his knowledge, to be entertained by him and she approved of members of his household which shows the level of friendship shared. Riders went to King James VI of Scotland to inform him that he was now King James I of England.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Archbishop Whitgift was in the Funeral Procession of Queen Elizabeth I which took place on 28 April 1603; in an etching supposedly drawn by William Camden, a former Master at Westminster, historian and distinguished antiquarian, he was shown walking alongside Sir Tomas Egerton and identified as [Archbishop of Canterbury] Doctor John Whitgift; following behind, the French Ambassador and four Sergeant at Arms, then the Earl of Pembroke assisted by Lord Howard of Effingham carrying \u2018The Great Embroidered Banner of England\u2019.<\/p>\n

On 25 July 1603, Whitgift crowned James I at his Coronation. He had appeared with the Council of the Nation at the High Cross at Cheapside to proclaim James I, the King of England. Soon after his accession, James had attempted to squeeze money out of the universities which displeased the Archbishop who steadfastly defended the Church\u2019s interest and strongly protested that this wasn\u2019t in the best interest and would, in his words, \u2018overthrow learning\u2019. This shows just how much Whitgift would use his powers of persuasion and forthrightness to argue his case. Surely a matter most archbishops might not wish to raise when confronted by their new King![\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]A year after the death of his beloved Queen Elizabeth, Whitgift, by now in his 70s with much of his archiepiscopal duties passed to his former chaplain and lieutenant, Richard Bancroft \u2013 made Bishop of London in 1597 and succeeded him as Archbishop of Canterbury \u2013 he continued to take part in matters of the Church and attended the Hampton Court Conference held in January 1604. The Conference was convened by King James I and involved representatives of the Church of England, including leading English Puritans full of high hopes for Royal support. Some of the Puritan complaints were dealt with, particularly about the Catholic terms Absolution<\/em> and Confirmation<\/em>. It appeared that the King was broadly happy with how the discussions went even though the Puritans had been treated badly, undoing many of their hopes.<\/p>\n

Incidentally, it was anti-Puritan Richard Bancroft, who had argued against the Puritans at Hampton Court; he was a much harder man than Whitgift was ever purported to be. Whitgift, though at this time a sick man \u2013 for many years he had suffered from jaundice which may have accounted for his occasional irritability \u2013 was labouring a heavy cold, but had continued to attend Whitehall, being rowed across the river each day from Lambeth [Palace]. At the time, the weather had been wintry and the wind from a very cold, icy Thames would have contributed to the conditions he had to endure. It is quite likely that he would also have been chilled before setting off. On Sunday, 26 February after a full morning\u2019s attendance at Whitehall, he was about to go into dinner when he had a stroke; this paralysed one side of his body and impaired his speech. For someone of Whitgift\u2019s nature, this would have been hard to bear. It is described that \u2018he lingered until Wednesday the 29th<\/sup>, dying at about 8.00pm at night, when after many vain attempts to speak, he managed to utter three times: \u2018Pro Ecclesia Dei\u2019<\/em> [For the church of God]. In his last moments, he had been visited by James I. He was 73.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7531″ img_size=”full” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]He was buried in Croydon just two days later. In his will which he signed on 27 October 1602, he had requested: \u2018in the Chapel there within the parish Church which I have appointed for my poor and Scholars to sit in at the time of Divine Service\u2019<\/em>. He was buried in the Chapel of St. Nicholas, where later, his memorial was erected, accordingly in a style very similar to that of Whitgift\u2019s predecessor, Archbishop Edmund Grindal. Whitgift\u2019s funeral service was not held until 27 March; the service was well supported by his former pupils, now in positions of nobility and power including Lord Zouche. The sermon was preached by another former pupil, Gervase Babington, Bishop of Worcester.<\/p>\n

Sadly, in 1867, much of the Parish Church was destroyed in a conflagration with Whitgift\u2019s tomb badly damaged. Others consumed in the fire. The restoration that took place, with contributions from members of the Court of Governors at the time, is said to be a faithful reproduction.<\/p>\n

Whitgift\u2019s legacy continues\u2026[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7522″ img_size=”medium” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]The 1923 Whitgift Hospital Guide is now 100 years old as a publication. The guide features the history, architecture and antiquities of the building now known as the Whitgift Almshouse. Whitgift Hospital Guide 1923<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7981″ img_size=”medium” add_caption=”yes” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”3\/5″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

An Introduction to the Paget Deeds<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1934 the Whitgift Foundation (as it was then) published the Abstracts of the Ancient Muniments of the Whitgift Foundation Croydon<\/em> by the local historian Clarence Paget. Abstracts (also known in archive jargon as a Calendar<\/em>) are summaries of documents. In this case, property deeds and other official documents have become known as the Paget Deeds<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Deeds are a record of business transactions that provide proof of transfer of legal ownership of a property from one person to another. Some properties may have deeds going back decades or even hundreds of years. Many of the deeds would have been acquired by Archbishop John Whitgift as he bought land for the site of the Hospital of the Holy Trinity and to provide rental income for the Hospital of the Holy Trinity (Whitgift Almshouses).<\/p>\n

Deeds can be long with the information repeated several times, in a legal language, and in a writing style that can be hard to read (whether in English or Latin), and with an alphabet and spelling that is different from what we are used to today. A summary makes it easier to understand the content by putting the text into a modern alphabet and by stripping away unnecessary words. The original spelling may or may not be retained and may not be consistent even within the same document.<\/p>\n

While it is a fantastic feeling to handle old deeds, the style of writing and spelling can make it time-consuming to read and understand the content contained within. The Abstracts of the ancient muniments<\/em> enables the rich content of names, dates, locations, financial information, and any chain of ownership to be made more publicly accessible. The Abstracts<\/em> is a richly detailed tool for anyone interested in researching the history of Croydon before, during, and after the time of Archbishop John Whitgift.<\/p>\n

Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n

David Hey. (Ed.) Oxford Companion to Family and Local History. Oxford: OUP. 2nd ed. 2008.<\/p>\n

Clarence G. Paget. Abstracts of the Ancient Muniments of the Whitgift Foundation Croydon. Croydon: Whitgift Foundation. 1934.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/5″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1681978436718{padding-top: 50px !important;padding-right: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;padding-left: 50px !important;}”]Abstracts of Ancient Muniments of Whitgift Foundation_sm<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”3\/5″][vc_column_text]Local and family history resources: a select list of books, pamphlets, online and social media, and organisations<\/strong><\/p>\n

This blog offers a selective list of books, social media, and websites for people embarking on the rewarding adventure of local and family history. There are more books covering many aspects of local and family history than we could ever hope to cover in this list. Many titles in this list are only available second-hand, and we recommend looking at the catalogue in your local library.<\/p>\n

The broad range of resources are a decent starting point to any research project. Subjects covered are studying and research methods, genealogy, maps, deeds and seals, editing documents, manor court records and title deeds, paleography [reading of old handwriting], business, house, and religious themes. We also include a selection of organisations that have an interest in archives and history at the local, regional, and national levels along with details for Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/5″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1681978474131{padding-top: 50px !important;padding-right: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;padding-left: 50px !important;}”]Local and family history Resources<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_video link=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Khm6-g4oAQc”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jfk9N2xIgjg”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D5rrE4vhwng”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/31ZxVMwPwZE”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/G8tVWyQHLbU”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/A-rcBRUJcd4″][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/FQnAXk3L-s0″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Samuel Finche was Perpetual Vicar of Croydon from May 1581 until his death in September 1616 under the Jurisdiction of John Whitgift, Canterbury. His name was recorded as Fynch, Samuelus<\/em> when he was listed as Schoolmaster for Croydon Parish Schools, appointed (Licencing) in 1579 under the Jurisdiction of Edmund Grindal, Canterbury. Fynch [Finche] was ordained Deacon and Priest the same day q.v. The details are from Whitgift\u2019s Register and Grindal\u2019s Register [Clergy Church of England Records]<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u2018Treacle\u2019 Bible\u2019: Presumed to have been one of the \u2018chained Bibles\u2019 which were used in the Churches at the time of the Reformation; This Bible is a folio edition of 1575 and popularly known as \u2018The Treacle Bible\u2019 from the text in it, \u201cIs there not tryacle at Gylead\u201d (for “Is there no balm in Gilead?”<\/em>– Jeremiah 8, 22).<\/p>\n

The Parish Church of St. John the Baptist, situated at the bottom of Crown Hill, was designated Croydon Minster in 2011.<\/p>\n

Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hayward, W.D. History of the Whitgift Grammar School, Croydon, 1871 to 1892.<\/em><\/p>\n

Percy, F.H.G. Whitgift School A History<\/em>. The Whitgift Foundation 1991.<\/p>\n

Percy, F.H.G. John Whitgift Chronology,<\/em> 1991<\/p>\n

Barnett, Christopher. John Whitgift, Elizabeth I\u2019s last Archbishop of Canterbury<\/em>. The Whitgift Foundation 2015.<\/p>\n

Kershaw, S. Wayland. Whitgift\u2019s Hospital, Croydon<\/em> [compressed from The Builder, May 26th<\/sup>, 1883]. The<\/p>\n

Whitgift Magazine, July and August 1883.<\/p>\n

Fisher, Rev. George Carnac [Vicar of Croydon]. In pious memory of our Founder<\/em>, The Whitgift Magazine, November 1892<\/p>\n

Jones, Joseph. Archbishop Whitgift<\/em>, The Whitgift Magazine, May 1896.<\/p>\n

Contributor. John Whitgift at School<\/em>, Whitgiftian Magazine, June 1904.<\/p>\n

Balley, Ebenezer James. The Whitgift Foundation, 1. The Hospital,<\/em> Whitgiftian Magazine, February 1905.<\/p>\n

Contributor. The Whitgift Foundation<\/em>. Whitgiftian Magazine, March 1905.<\/p>\n

Balley, Ebenezer James. The Whitgift Foundation, The Hospital of the Holy Trinity,<\/em> Whitgiftian Magazine, June 1905.<\/p>\n

Balley, Ebenezer James. The Whitgift Foundation, 2,<\/em> Whitgiftian Magazine, November 1905.<\/p>\n

Contributor. Founder\u2019s Day<\/em>. Whitgiftian Magazine, March 1906.<\/p>\n

Turnbull, Sue. Archbishop John Whitgift and His Legacy to Croydon<\/em>, Talk notes, 2007.<\/p>\n

BBC Online. Archbishop John Whitgift and Welsh Puritan John Penry \u2013 Apology urged over 1593 hanging,<\/em> Posted 15 May 2008.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row bg_type=”bg_color” bg_override=”full” el_class=”top-banner” css=”.vc_custom_1659448972093{background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;}” bg_color_value=”#94c356″][vc_column][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-navy headrow”] John Whitgift’s History [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row_content_no_spaces” el_class=”divider-row”][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”64px”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css_animation=”fadeInRight” el_class=”heading-green header”]John Whitgift was born in or around 1530 in Grimsby, Lincolnshire to Henry Whitgift and Ann[e] Dynewell, the eldest of nine children; Henry was a local merchant and property owner; an…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":118,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7298","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","description-off"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJohn Whitgift History - John Whitgift Foundation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The entire history of John Whitgift detailing his entire life and achievements including the creation of John Whitgift Foundation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/johnwhitgiftfoundation.org\/_test\/about-us\/john-whitgift-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"John Whitgift History - John Whitgift Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The entire history of John Whitgift detailing his entire life and achievements including the creation of John Whitgift Foundation.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/johnwhitgiftfoundation.org\/_test\/about-us\/john-whitgift-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"John Whitgift Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JohnWhitgiftFoundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-04-20T08:22:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@JohnWhitgiftFdn\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"29 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnwhitgiftfoundation.org\\\/_test\\\/about-us\\\/john-whitgift-history\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/johnwhitgiftfoundation.org\\\/_test\\\/about-us\\\/john-whitgift-history\\\/\",\"name\":\"John Whitgift History - 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